The image of hipsters was embodied in the trend of beatniks. However, pretty soon the adherents of this subculture moved away from strict adherence to the accepted dress code, and black sweaters with berets became part of mass culture, a pose, but not a real rebellion against society.
The beatnik movement has its origins in “black culture”: music, passion, protest. Beatniks aspired to freedom of expression, travel, renewed the literary tradition of describing their own lives, and were distinguished by their affinity for psychotropic substances. Literary centrism added such names as Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and William Burroughs to the world’s classics.